Every risk a captive considers writing sits somewhere on a spectrum defined by two variables: how often losses occur, and how large they are when they do. Frequency risk describes exposures that produce many small, predictable claims. Severity risk describes exposures that produce few claims, but potentially catastrophic ones. Understanding where a given line falls on this spectrum is the starting point for structuring any captive program — and it dictates almost everything about how that program should be capitalized, reserved, and reinsured.
The captive conversation almost always begins the same way: an organization is frustrated with the commercial market. Rates have climbed for several renewals in a row, terms have narrowed, and the premium check no longer feels connected to the company's own loss experience. This inevitably drives the insured to question if they should just insure the risks themselves
A large residential window installer operating in the state of Florida partnered with Captives Insure (C.I.) to restructure its general liability program around a wholly owned captive insurance company. The client carries a substantial general liability exposure inherent to residential construction and had historically ceded the full economics of that risk to the commercial market. Through a fronted captive structure, the client now retains over 80% of gross written premium within its own captive — capturing the underwriting result of a well-managed book of business while maintaining A-rated paper for its contractual and statutory obligations
Every organization finances its risk somewhere along a continuum. At one end, risk is transferred almost entirely to a commercial carrier for a fixed price. At the other, the organization retains and funds nearly all of its own losses. Most of the meaningful structuring decisions in captive insurance are, at their core, decisions about where on that continuum an organization should sit — and how deliberately it moves along it.
An insurance buyer faces a problem that most commercial transactions do not: the product being purchased is a promise to pay a claim that may not arise for years, by which point the insurer's financial condition could look very different. Counterparties cannot easily verify that promise on their own, and that is the gap rating agencies exist to fill. A financial strength rating is an independent opinion of an insurer's ability to meet its ongoing obligations to policyholders. AM Best, which has focused on the insurance industry for more than a century, is the benchmark against which insurer financial strength is most often measured, and its secure ratings — generally A- and above in common usage — have become the shorthand for an acceptable counterparty
Few lines of business reward underwriting discipline as directly as contingent automobile liability. It is the coverage that sits behind a renter's own insurance — protecting a company that owns vehicles but does not operate them. Car rental fleets, truck and trailer rental operators, heavy equipment and aerial lift rental companies, RV rental businesses, and the platforms behind peer-to-peer vehicle sharing all share the same structural exposure: their assets are routinely placed in the hands of third parties who do the driving
In reinsurance, risk rarely stops moving once it leaves the original insurer. A reinsurer that assumes risk from a primary carrier may, in turn, transfer a portion of that risk to yet another reinsurer. That second transfer is called retrocession — the reinsurance of reinsurance — and it introduces two terms that are frequently mixed up: the retrocedent and the retrocessionaire.
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